Appendix A – The Proposed New Democratic Constitution of Iran

Chapter 1 – General Principles

Iran shall be a democratic and secular republic, with the monarchy retained as a symbolic and ceremonial institution.

The law is the supreme authority in the nation, binding in all cases. No individual, group, institution, race, ethnicity, party, religion, belief system, ideology, organization, role, or position is above the law.

Regardless of internal or external circumstances, no official is permitted to issue orders that violate the law. Those who violate this principle shall be subject to legal penalties.

No individual, group, institution, or organization is permitted to obey, enforce, or collaborate with any unlawful directive under any circumstances. Violators of this principle shall face penalties as per the law.

The government of Iran, based on democracy and the will of its citizens, is committed to the following principles of governance:

1. Utilizing and advancing the latest scientific, technological, and human expertise.
2. Prohibiting any permanent or lifelong high-ranking position. All high-level officials, whether in political, military, or judiciary roles, are to be chosen by direct public election or by elected representatives for defined, limited terms.
3. Ensuring all officials are accountable for their actions and decisions.
4. Completely excluding religious, ideological, and sectarian interference in legislative, judicial, administrative, and military affairs.
5. Promoting justice, political and economic independence, social equality, and national solidarity.
6. Creating conditions for free expression and the development of diverse political, social, religious, and non-religious views within society, as regulated by laws passed by the Parliament.

All branches of government in Iran are obligated to use their resources to achieve the goals set forth in the Constitution, focusing on:

1. Raising public awareness across all fields through media, digital platforms, and other channels.
2. Providing free education and physical training for all citizens and facilitating access to higher education.
3. Supporting research and innovation across scientific, technical, and cultural domains by establishing research centers and providing financial and logistical support to researchers.
4. Eradicating all forms of tyranny, authoritarianism, monopolization, and colonialism.
5. Adopting sound economic policies that serve the interests of all social classes.
6. Enabling public participation in political, economic, social, and cultural decision-making, providing access to relevant data and statistics in accordance with laws passed by the Parliament.
7. Guaranteeing individual, political, social, and cultural freedoms within the limits of the law.
8. Eliminating all forms of discrimination, including gender, racial, ethnic, and religious discrimination, at all levels of society.
9. Establishing an efficient and transparent administrative system, reducing unnecessary structures.
10. Ensuring all citizens are equal under the law.
11. Strengthening national defense capabilities to protect Iran’s independence, freedom, territorial integrity, and democratic secular governance.
12. Ensuring the country’s administration remains in the hands of elected officials. Under no circumstances may the armed forces assume control of the country’s administration, even temporarily.
13. Formulating foreign policy based on political and economic principles that safeguard Iran’s national interests, independence, and security.
14. Ensuring that all branches of government, including executive, legislative, judicial, and military bodies, consistently uphold the law and merit-based governance in all matters.

All civil, criminal, financial, economic, administrative, cultural, military, and political laws shall only be proposed and ratified by the People’s Assembly (“Parliament”). The following conditions apply to the legislative process:

1. The Parliament may delegate specific legislative tasks to selected committees, but final approval must be granted by the Parliament’s representatives.
2. No government body or official can nullify, suspend, or disregard a ratified law for any reason.
3. Laws can only be repealed or amended by majority approval in the Parliament or through a public referendum.

In Iran, the administration of the country shall be based on public voting through elections, whether for the President, Parliament members, Senate members, local councils, or referendums as specified in other constitutional articles.

The Parliament, Senate, and local councils (such as provincial, district, city, and village councils) are fundamental to national decision-making and governance. Their formation, powers, and responsibilities are defined by the Constitution and derived laws.

The election of the President and members of the Parliament shall be conducted through direct public vote, with oversight from political party representatives and legal candidate representatives. The Constitution and derivative laws define the details of this process.

In Iran, freedom, independence, unity, and territorial integrity are indivisible and are the responsibility of all government bodies and citizens to protect. No individual, group, party, or authority may compromise Iran’s political, cultural, economic, or military independence and territorial integrity under the guise of freedom. Conversely, no authority may restrict citizens’ freedoms under the pretext of safeguarding independence, security, or territorial integrity.

Iran shall not have an official religion or creed. All citizens, regardless of religion, creed, or belief, are fully respected and may practice their religious or secular activities as long as they comply with national laws.

Political, individual, social, and ideological freedoms for all citizens in Iran are guaranteed, as long as they align with the principles of secular democracy and do not infringe upon others’ fundamental rights. Legislators must always observe this principle when creating laws and regulations.

All forms of religious, ideological, or sectarian interference in political, administrative, economic, or military matters, contrary to what is established in the Constitution, are strictly prohibited.

Iran adheres to the principle of separation of powers, with the legislative, executive, and judicial branches operating independently. Their roles and responsibilities are as follows:

1. The legislative branch is led by the people’s elected representatives in the Parliament and their elected leader.
2. The executive branch is led by the President, chosen by public election, and Cabinet.
3. The judiciary is led by a Chief Justice, elected by the Senate.

To ensure government transparency, all governmental institutions and agencies, except in cases specifically defined by law, must periodically publish comprehensive reports on their activities, budgets, financial sources and expenditures, key decisions, and public projects. These reports must be accessible to the public in clear and understandable language. Any lack of transparency in these matters shall result in legal consequences.

Chapter 2 – Language, Script, Calendar, Flag, and Monarchical Institution

The official language and script of Iran is Persian (Farsi). All official documents, correspondence, records, and educational materials must be in this language and script. However, the use of regional and ethnic languages in media and literature, and their instruction in schools and universities alongside Persian, is permitted.

The government is required to establish and support language academies for various local languages within Iran. Details of this Article will be determined by law.

Since English is the global language of science, it shall be taught in all subjects and fields from the beginning of elementary school.

The official calendar of the country shall be determined by a national referendum.

The official flag of Iran consists of three horizontal bands in green (top), white (middle), and red (bottom), with the emblem of the Lion and Sun centered on the white section.

In recognition of over 2,500 years of monarchy in Iran and the role of Reza Shah the Great, the first monarch of the Pahlavi dynasty, in modernizing and shaping contemporary Iran, the Pahlavi monarchy shall be preserved as a purely ceremonial institution, entirely apolitical and outside the structure of government power.

The monarchy, represented by the King or Queen, shall serve as a symbol of national unity and the historical heritage of the country. The King or Queen’s duties and powers are strictly ceremonial, including attendance at state ceremonies to embody national unity and, in certain cases specified by law, signing official documents.

The monarchy, including the King or Queen and other members, is prohibited from interfering in domestic or foreign policy, engaging in political collaboration—public or private—with any political parties or figures, or making political statements in favor or against any party or political figure in the country. Additionally, they may not influence executive, judicial, or legislative decisions in any way.

The structure of the monarchy and the full roster of its members and hierarchy must be registered with the Ministry of Interior to be officially recognized. Any changes in structure or membership must be reported and recorded with the Ministry of Interior within a maximum of one year. Details of this Article shall be determined by law.

The monarchy, including the King or Queen and all royal family members, are required to fully disclose their annual domestic and foreign assets and income to the current government and pay taxes in accordance with the law.

The Constitution does not recognize any legal or extralegal privileges for the monarchy, the King or Queen, or other royal family members. The King or Queen and other royal family members are fully equal to other citizens before the law.

The King or Queen and other royal family members may not run in any elections as long as they hold an official position within the monarchy. They may only stand for election after permanently, irrevocably, and formally renouncing their title and position within the monarchy, which must be officially registered with the Ministry of Interior. Details of this article will be determined by law.

The King or Queen shall perform the duties mentioned in this article under special conditions determined by law:

1. Symbolic Representation of the Nation: The King or Queen shall serve as a symbol of national unity, cultural heritage, and traditions, representing the state in national and cultural ceremonies.
2. Honorary Functions: The King or Queen may grant honorary titles, medals, and decorations to individuals or organizations that have contributed to society, culture, or humanitarian efforts, after completing the necessary procedures in accordance with relevant laws.
3. Presidency Over National Ceremonial Events: The King or Queen shall preside over or participate in national and cultural ceremonies, including national celebrations, state anniversaries, and official memorial services.
4. Diplomatic Engagements: The King or Queen may, with the government’s knowledge, receive and host foreign dignitaries, including heads of state, ambassadors, and international representatives, in accordance with diplomatic customs and national traditions.
5. Opening of Legislative Sessions: The King or Queen may ceremonially open sessions of the National Parliament and deliver a symbolic speech emphasizing national unity and stability, without holding any legislative or executive authority.
6. Charitable and Social Engagement: The King or Queen may act as a patron of charitable organizations, cultural institutions, and humanitarian initiatives, supporting social welfare and national heritage.
7. Public and Commemorative Duties: The King or Queen may participate in public events such as the naming of ships, bridges, and public buildings, as well as military parades and national commemorations, holding an honorary presidency over such events.
8. Symbolic Royal Declarations: The King or Queen may issue symbolic statements on cultural matters, national unity, and moral values. These declarations shall have no legal or political effect.
9. Participation in Historical, Traditional, and Cultural Ceremonies: The King or Queen shall be responsible for preserving and maintaining national traditions, cultural customs, and historical practices, in accordance with the Constitution, and may participate as an honorary leader in such ceremonies that reflect the nation’s historical and cultural identity.
10. Symbolic Signing of Royal Pardons: The King or Queen may ceremonially sign pardon decrees for prisoners who have undergone the necessary legal and judicial procedures. This act shall be purely symbolic, with the final decision being made by the relevant authorities in accordance with the law.

Chapter 3 – Citizens’ Rights

All citizens of Iran are born free, endowed with reason and conscience, and equal in dignity and rights. Every citizen is obligated to treat others fairly and respectfully.

The legal age of adulthood in Iran is 18 years. Any person under 18 years old is considered a minor under the law.

All citizens of Iran, regardless of gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, race, color, language, culture, religion, sect, wealth, occupation, social status, birthplace, residence, beliefs, or position, are equal before the law and entitled to all rights and freedoms established by law without discrimination.

Every Iranian has the right to be legally recognized as a person everywhere before the law.

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference in their personal, family, home, or private communications.

Every individual and group in Iran—whether a person, party, ethnic group, religious sect, or otherwise—has the right to live, work, and act freely and be fully protected by the law, provided their actions do not infringe upon the freedom, fundamental rights, and lawful interests of others as defined by current national laws.

Everyone has the right to choose an occupation freely, as long as it does not contravene the law or infringe on others’ rights.

Every Iranian has the right to freedom of movement and residence anywhere within the borders of Iran, as well as the right to leave or return to the country at any time, except under a lawful court order.

Marriage in Iran is for consenting adults only and exclusively between two individuals. Polygamy and child marriage are prohibited. Violators of this article shall be punished according to the law.

Marriage can only occur with the full and free consent of two adults who wish to marry. Either spouse may dissolve the marriage under conditions specified by law.

Adults have the unrestricted right to marry and start a family, regardless of gender, sexual orientation, nationality, ethnicity, race, or religion. Both spouses are entitled to equal rights at the time of marriage, during the marital relationship, in the event of divorce, and post-divorce. Details of this article will be established by law.

Every adult Iranian has the right to vote. Every adult Iranian also has the right to participate and vote in any election for which they are legally eligible. No law can revoke the rights specified in this article, nor may any individual, group, or authority obstruct the participation of eligible voters in legal elections.

A person’s dignity, property, rights, and occupation are protected against interference, except by a lawful court order and only in cases permitted by law. Court orders on these matters must be case-specific, based on legal standards, and accompanied by a full explanation of the cited evidence.

Private ownership acquired through lawful means is recognized and respected. Individuals may own property alone or jointly with others. Regulations regarding ownership shall be specified by law.

No individual or group shall be arbitrarily deprived of their property rights, except by lawful court order and only on the basis of law.

Individuals and institutions as creators are entitled to ownership and protection of the material and intellectual interests resulting from their scientific, literary, or artistic creations. Details of this article shall be specified by law.

The life of individuals is protected from violation. No law may authorize the death penalty. Capital punishment is prohibited in Iran.

Inquisition into personal beliefs is prohibited, and no one shall be subject to discrimination, harm, or penalty solely for their beliefs. Criticism of all ideas and beliefs is permitted.

Every person has the right to defend themselves or others if faced with an immediate and serious threat to life or health. A justified, proportionate response to such a threat shall not lead to criminal prosecution. The definition of “proportionate and necessary defense” and its limits shall be set by law to prevent misuse of this right.

Intercepting, withholding, seizing, accessing, or disclosing any form of personal communication—including letters, emails, voice or video communications—is strictly prohibited. This also includes intercepting or disrupting internet, satellite, phone, video, telegraph, or telex transmissions, as well as engaging in censorship, surveillance, eavesdropping, or any other forms of privacy infringement, except as explicitly authorized by law and a specific court order. Such court orders must be narrowly tailored to the individual case, legally justified, and fully documented. Any violation of this article will result in penalties as prescribed by law.

Political, religious, ideological, professional, and other associations are free to operate, provided they do not violate the principles of the Constitution, current national laws, or the secular democratic principles of the state.

Citizens are free to join any political, religious, ideological, or professional association of their choosing. No individual shall be forced to join any association, nor may anyone be barred from joining except by lawful court order.

Peaceful assemblies and marches without weapons are permitted, and no permit is required. The government and police are required to ensure the security of peaceful, unarmed gatherings and marches.

The government must use public revenue and the national budget to:

1. Create employment opportunities and equal conditions for all to obtain various jobs needed by society.
2. Set a minimum wage annually based on economic conditions and supplement the income of full-time workers who earn below this minimum.
3. Ensure pension payments to all eligible retirees.
4. Establish care centers for vulnerable elderly people, ensuring dignified living conditions and adequate care.
5. Ensure the welfare of all children born within or outside of marriage in Iran.

Health and medical care are the right of every Iranian. The government must provide basic health and medical services for all Iranians from birth to death. Details of this article will be specified by law.

Education is the right of every Iranian. The government is required to provide educational resources for all citizens without age restrictions, free through high school for all, and subsidized with low-interest loans for higher education based on merit.

Primary education, covering six years, is strictly mandatory for all citizens. Violators of this article shall be punished according to the law.

The planning, management, and oversight of children’s education at all levels is solely the responsibility of the Ministry of Education. No person, group, institution, or organization may conduct educational activities for children without direct and ongoing authorization and supervision from the Ministry of Education. Violators of this article shall be punished according to the law.

The planning, management, and oversight of adult education is the responsibility of the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology. Details of article will be determined by law.

The right to suitable housing is guaranteed for every individual and family in Iran. The government is required to provide conditions for homeownership for individuals and families. Details of article will be specified by law.

No one may be exiled from their place of residence, banned from residing in their chosen location, or forced to reside elsewhere, except by lawful court order and on the basis of law.

Seeking justice is the right of every individual, and all citizens have access to lawful courts. No one shall be prevented from attending a court they are legally entitled to.

The presumption of innocence is a fundamental right; no one shall be considered guilty under the law unless proven so with sufficient evidence in a lawful court.

No one shall be arrested or detained except under the conditions and procedures prescribed by law. If detained, the charges and reasons must be promptly communicated to the accused, and preliminary case documents must be sent to the competent judicial authorities within 24 hours to initiate trial procedures. Violators of article shall be punished according to the law.

Anyone detained as a suspect has the right to remain silent and decline to answer any questions or provide statements regarding their charges. No judicial or executive authority may compel the suspect to respond.

Any detainee has the right to immediate confidential communication with their attorney after arrest, within 24 hours at most. If the detainee lacks financial means for legal representation, the government must provide a free attorney. Violators of shall be punished according to the law.

Temporary detention is permissible for serious crimes to prevent flight, harm to others, or evidence tampering. Orders for temporary detention must be issued solely by competent judicial authorities in accordance with the law and should not exceed the time limit set for initial investigations. Detainees’ fundamental rights, including confidential attorney access, must be fully respected during detention. Violators of article shall be punished according to the law.

In all courts, parties have the right to select an attorney. If a party cannot afford legal representation, the government must provide an appropriate attorney. Violators of article shall be punished according to the law.

Penalties and their enforcement may only be carried out through lawful judicial courts in accordance with the law.

Physical or psychological torture for extracting confessions or information is prohibited. Forced testimony, confession, or oath is invalid. Violators of article shall be punished according to the law.

Disrespecting or humiliating an individual who is detained, imprisoned, or exiled is prohibited, except in specific cases and under direct legal mandate. Violators are subject to punishment.

No one may use their rights to harm others or infringe on public interests.

Every individual may acquire Iranian citizenship from either Iranian parent. Citizenship gained under article is lifelong and irrevocable, and neither the government nor any court may revoke it.

Foreign nationals may apply for Iranian citizenship under current laws. Revocation of citizenship is permitted only under exceptional circumstances where an individual’s presence endangers national security or public interest, based on a lawful court decision. Details of article will be specified by law.

Any Iranian may voluntarily apply to renounce their citizenship by submitting a written request, subject to a government review process defined by law. The government must provide a decision within five years, detailing the reasoning. Details of article will be specified by law.

If an Iranian’s citizenship is lawfully revoked, they shall permanently lose the right to reacquire Iranian citizenship under any conditions.

Chapter 4 – Economy and Financial Affairs

To ensure economic independence, eliminate poverty and deprivation, and meet the needs of citizens with dignity, Iran’s economy shall be built on the following principles:

1. Empowering citizens through various means to ensure they can provide for a dignified life and their essential needs.
2. Ensuring opportunities for employment for all, aiming to achieve full employment and equitable access.
3. Structuring the national economy to enable each person, in addition to professional efforts, to have time and capacity for personal, spiritual, political, and social growth, active participation in national leadership, and skill and innovation development.
4. Respecting freedom in career choice, prohibiting forced labor, and preventing exploitation.
5. Avoiding waste, upholding meritocracy across all economic dimensions, including consumption, investment, production, distribution, and services.
6. Utilizing scientific advancements and training skilled individuals as needed to develop and progress the national economy.
7. Preventing foreign economic dominance over the national economy.
8. Providing financial, scientific, research, and infrastructural support to domestic producers and industrialists.

Iran’s economic system is based on two sectors: public and private, under systematic and sound planning.

1. Public Sector: The government’s primary role is investing in infrastructure and national projects for public benefit. The government must also enable the private sector’s active participation in national projects.
2. Private Sector: The private sector may operate in all economic fields within legal regulations. The law will define the scope and conditions of each sector.

The government is obligated to design and implement policies that facilitate and encourage domestic production, technology, and industrial growth. These policies must include measures to secure necessary funding for technological and industrial development, promote a culture of entrepreneurship, improve market access, support research and development, and enhance skills across mentioned sectors. Additionally, the government shall foster a business environment that strengthens the national industry’s competitiveness in global markets. Details of article will be determined by law.

Any organized activity aimed at unlawful exploitation, violating citizens’ rights, or harming public security and interests shall be considered organized crime and is strictly prohibited. The law will specify details of this Article 1 .

Monopolies and preferential privileges of any form are considered criminal offenses and are prohibited. The government must prevent the formation of monopolies in all sectors through continuous and systematic oversight of government, markets, and industry, active policy-making in monetary, financial, economic, and political spheres, and by proposing preventive legislation to Parliament. Additionally, it must ensure the effective enforcement of these laws and policies, referring offenders to court. Details of article will be specified by law.

Public assets and natural resources, including uncultivated lands, mines, underground or seabed resources, seas, lakes, rivers, and other public waters, mountains, valleys, forests, reed beds, natural groves, common pastures, inheritance without heirs, unclaimed properties, and public assets reclaimed from usurpers belong to the people and are managed by the government and relevant ministries. The law will outline the terms of usage for each. This law shall be enforced by the government and supervised by the Parliament’s National Audit Council.

All forms of State-sponsored insurance— including but not limited to health, life, social, property, agricultural, and employment insurance— shall be recognized as essential services aimed at ensuring social welfare, economic security, and protection against risk. State-sponsored Insurance shall operate on a non-profit basis, with all funds and revenues to be used exclusively for fulfilling policyholder obligations, maintaining financial sustainability, and improving service delivery. Insurance services may be provided by private entities for profit, within the framework of national law and under the supervision and regulation of the government, provided they fully adhere to principles of transparency, accountability, and fairness. The government shall ensure equitable access to insurance for all citizens and prevent monopolistic practices or exploitation in the insurance sector.

Every person owns the legitimate results of their work, and no one can deprive another person of their right to work under the claim of personal ownership.

In the utilization of natural resources, the allocation of national revenues across provinces, and the distribution of economic activities among regions, there shall be no discrimination. Every area shall have access to necessary capital and resources based on its population, needs, and potential for growth.

The government is obligated to seize assets obtained through illegal means, such as embezzlement, bribery, theft, misuse of state resources, public funds, or endowments, abuse in government contracts or land transactions, and other unlawful activities, returning them to their rightful owners or, if unknown, transferring them to the National Treasury. This law shall be enforced by the government and overseen by the Parliament’s National Audit Council.

Protecting the environment is a public duty of all Iranian citizens. Any agricultural, industrial, economic, commercial, or other activity that causes environmental damage is prohibited and punishable by law.

The “Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Organization” is responsible for environmental and natural resource protection. Any agricultural, industrial, commercial, or economic activity related to the environment requires permission from this organization, which must continuously monitor such activities to ensure compliance, revoke licenses in case of violations, and refer offenders to court.

The head of the Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Organization is appointed by the President for a four-year term and presented to Parliament for a vote of confidence. Parliament has the authority to question, impeach, and remove the head of this organization.

No tax shall be imposed without legal justification. The government is responsible for collecting taxes and transferring them to the National Treasury. Taxes, exemptions, and reductions are defined by law.

The national budget is prepared annually by the government in accordance with the law and submitted to Parliament for review and approval. Any changes to budget figures are also subject to legal procedures.

All government revenue and receipts are centralized in the National Treasury, and all expenditures are made within legally approved budget limits.

The National Audit Council operates under the direct oversight of Parliament. Its organization and administration in the capital and provincial centers are defined by law.

The National Audit Council reviews or audits the accounts of ministries, institutions, state-owned companies, and other entities utilizing public funds to ensure no expenditure exceeds the approved budget and that funds are used correctly. The Court compiles and submits an annual budget report, along with its opinions, to Parliament. This report must be published on Parliament’s official website for access by the media and the public.

To promote sustainable development, optimize the use of natural resources, and expand national infrastructure, the National Development and Infrastructure Fund (referred to as the “Development Fund”) shall be established. A seven-member Management Council, consisting of representatives appointed by the President, Minister of Finance, Head of the Planning and Budget Organization, Head of Central Bank, Head of Environmental Protection Organization, Parliament, and the Senate, will oversee the Development Fund. Fund assets shall be used exclusively for infrastructure projects, sustainable development, and meeting the long-term needs of future generations. Using Fund resources to cover current national expenses, even temporarily, is prohibited.

In each fiscal year, at least one-fifth or twenty percent of the total revenue generated from the sale of any type of natural resources in the country, including oil, gas, minerals, and all natural resources on or below the surface, marine or underwater resources, etc., must be directly deposited into the Development Fund. The government is obligated to increase this amount by one percent (1%) annually and, over fourteen (14) years, raise it to one-third, equivalent to thirty-four percent. Thereafter, this amount (34%) must be deposited into the Development Fund annually.

An annual report on the Development Fund’s activities shall be prepared by the Fund’s Management Council and submitted to all seven appointing authorities. Additionally, an independent audit of the Fund’s activities shall be conducted annually by the National Audit Council and submitted to the Parliament.

The Central Bank of Iran is responsible for implementing monetary and exchange policies, printing and distributing the national currency, managing domestic and foreign reserves, and maintaining fair standards in the monetary, banking, and economic sectors. Additional duties, powers, and responsibilities shall be defined by law.

The Senate appoints the head of the Central Bank of Iran for a four-year term, subject to a vote of confidence from Parliament. Both Senate and Parliament have the authority to question, impeach, and remove the Central Bank head.

The Central Bank of Iran must only issue, print, or distribute the national currency based on reliable and valuable assets designated as backing, such as gold or other assets approved by Parliament. Printing or issuing the national currency without full coordination with such assets is prohibited, and violators shall be punished under the law. The criteria for assets backing the currency and their valuation shall be outlined in a Central Bank regulation, which must be approved by Parliament to take effect.

Chapter 5 – The Sovereign Right of the People and Its Derived Powers

The governing powers in the Democratic Republic of Iran are the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches, all of which serve the people. These branches are independent from one another.

The Legislative power is exercised through Parliament, composed of members elected by the people. Parliamentary decisions, following the processes outlined in subsequent articles, are submitted to the Executive and Judicial branches for implementation.

The Executive power is exercised through the President and the ministers.

The Judicial power is exercised through the courts of justice, which must be established by law and are responsible for resolving disputes, safeguarding public rights, and promoting and implementing justice.

Chapter 6 – The Legislative Branch

Section 1 – Parliament

Parliament is composed of representatives (or members) elected directly by the people through secret ballot.

Parliamentary terms last four years. Elections for each term must be held at least four months prior to the expiration of the current term to ensure the country is never without a functioning Parliament.

Each member of Parliament is responsible to the entire nation and is entitled to express opinions on all domestic and foreign matters.

Members of Parliament are fully free in expressing opinions and voting in the course of their parliamentary duties and cannot be questioned, prosecuted, or detained for statements made or votes cast during their terms.

Parliamentary office cannot be transferred to another person. Parliament cannot delegate its legislative authority to any individual or committee.

Parliament consists of 270 members, with the possibility of adding a maximum of 20 members every ten years based on population, political, and geographic factors. The law determines electoral boundaries and the number of representatives for each district based on population.

Members of Parliament must be Iranian-born citizens of Iran, at least 35 years old, hold a minimum of a bachelor’s degree from an accredited university, and have no criminal record. The Constitution imposes no other eligibility requirements for members of Parliament.

Following elections, Parliament sessions become official with the presence of two-thirds of the members, and legislative proposals are approved according to internal rules, except in cases where a specific quorum is legally required. A two-thirds majority of those present is required to pass internal regulations.

The election of the Speaker and the Parliamentary Presidium, the number of committees, their terms, and regulations regarding parliamentary discussions are determined by internal parliamentary rules.

At the first session, members shall take the following oath and sign the oath document: “I, [full name], solemnly swear, in the presence of the people and this Parliament, to uphold the rights of the people and the Constitution of Iran. I commit to preserving the trust placed in me by the people to the best of my ability, to act with integrity, justice, and fairness in fulfilling my parliamentary duties. I vow to serve as a source of pride for Iranians and to diligently uphold the nation’s independence and promote its welfare while protecting citizens’ rights. I shall defend the Constitution and, in my statements, writings, and opinions, prioritize the nation’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the people’s freedoms and interests.” Members absent from the first session must take the oath at the first session they attend.

Members of Parliament are granted immunity from judicial prosecution for ordinary crimes during their terms. Prosecution for such crimes can proceed only with Parliament’s consent and if a majority of members agree to lift the immunity of the member in question.

Parliamentary discussions must be public, broadcast live via media such as television, radio, and the internet, and fully recorded. A complete report of discussions shall be published on Parliament’s official website and other media for public awareness.

In emergencies, if national security requires it, Parliament may hold a closed session at the request of the President, a minister, or twenty Parliament members. Decisions from closed sessions are valid if approved by a two-thirds majority of members. Reports and decisions from closed sessions must be published for public information once the emergency conditions are lifted.

The President, Vice President, and ministers may attend public parliamentary sessions alone or with advisors. Ministers are required to attend if requested by Parliament and may speak on matters if invited.

In the event of war or military occupation, elections in occupied areas may be suspended for one year with the President’s proposal and the approval of three-fourths of the members. The current representatives of these areas will continue their duties in Parliament. If the occupation extends beyond one year, the continuation of these representatives’ duties for subsequent one-year periods will require another proposal from the President and the approval of three-fourths of the members.

Section 2 – Powers and Authority of Parliament

Parliament is the sole legislative authority and may legislate on all matters within the bounds of the Constitution. Parliament cannot enact laws that contradict constitutional principles.

For significant economic, political, social, or cultural issues, legislative authority may be exercised through a public referendum. A referendum must be proposed under one of the following conditions:

1. Proposal by the President and approval by a two-thirds majority of Parliament.
2. Proposal by one-third of ministers and approval by a two-thirds majority of Parliament.
3. Proposal by one-third of members of Parliament and approval by a two-thirds majority of Parliament.
4. Proposal by one-third of Senate members and approval by a two-thirds majority of Parliament.
5. Direct proposal by citizens through a petition with at least one million verifiable signatures, followed by approval by a two-thirds majority of Parliament. The Parliament’s decision on the referendum must be ratified by an absolute majority of referendum participants. The government and all other state bodies are obligated to facilitate the referendum immediately upon Parliament’s approval.

Voting in Parliament and all its committees must be fully transparent, with detailed records of discussions and votes maintained. Except in cases specified by law, a complete report of sessions and members’ votes shall be published on Parliament’s official website for public access.

The deliberations of Parliament’s committees must be fully recorded and, except as specified by law, made public. Except in cases specified by law, a complete report of these sessions shall be published on Parliament’s official website for public information.

The interpretation of laws falls within Judiciary System’s jurisdiction. In instances where a law’s meaning or intent is unclear, prosecutors, judges, and defense attorneys may refer to past parliamentary discussions on that matter for clarification.

Legislative proposals approved by the Cabinet are submitted to Parliament, and legislative bills can be introduced with the support of at least ten members.

Bills, proposals, and amendments by members of Parliament that would reduce public revenue or increase public spending may only be considered if the means to offset the reduction or cover new costs are identified.

Parliament has the right to investigate all national matters. No authority may obstruct or resist this principle, and violators shall be punished according to the law.

All foreign and international treaties, agreements, contracts, and accords must be ratified by Parliament.

Any change to national borders is prohibited unless it does not harm the country’s independence or territorial integrity and receives public approval in a national referendum.

The acceptance of foreign loans or grants by the government requires Parliament’s approval.

The declaration of war or peace is a power vested in Parliament. Details of article will be specified by law.

Granting permits to foreign individuals or entities to establish companies or institutions in commercial, industrial, agricultural, mining, or service sectors requires specific regulations as defined by law.

The government may employ foreign experts or companies only when necessary and with Parliament’s approval.

State properties classified as national treasures cannot be transferred to others without Parliament’s approval, and only if they are not unique national assets.

Parliament may delegate approval of the statutes of state organizations, companies, or institutions to its relevant committees or authorize the government to approve them, provided they do not conflict with secular democracy or the Constitution. Parliament has the right to determine such conflicts. Additionally, these statutes must not contradict public laws and regulations, and the Speaker of Parliament and the head of the judiciary must be informed upon their enactment.

Individuals or entities may submit complaints about the performance of any state body—whether legislative, executive, or judicial—to Parliament in writing. If the complaint concerns Parliament, Parliament must review and respond within three months. For complaints involving the executive or judiciary, Parliament shall demand a response and report back to the complainants within six months. The results of all complaints must be published on Parliament’s official website for public access. If publication is deemed contrary to public interests, a two-thirds majority vote of members may prevent publication, but the complainants must still be informed of the results within the specified timeframe.

After its formation, the Cabinet must receive a vote of confidence from Parliament before taking any action. The President may also request a vote of confidence for any minister or the entire Cabinet on important or contentious issues.

If at least twenty members of Parliament question the head of the judiciary, the President, the Cabinet, or any minister on their duties, the questioned authority must appear in Parliament and respond, within one month for the judiciary head and President, and within fifteen days for ministers, unless a valid excuse is provided.

1. Members of Parliament may impeach any minister by a motion signed by at least ten members. The minister must respond in Parliament within fifteen days, seeking a vote of confidence. If the minister does not appear, members may present their case, and if Parliament deems it necessary, it may declare a vote of no confidence, resulting in the minister’s dismissal. A dismissed minister may not serve again.
2. If one-quarter of the members submit an impeachment motion against the Cabinet, the President must appear within one month to defend the Cabinet. After statements from both sides, if a two-thirds majority votes for no confidence, all ministers are dismissed, and the President must nominate a new Cabinet within fifteen days.
3. If one-third of members impeach the President regarding executive management duties, the President must appear in Parliament within one month. If a two-thirds majority votes no confidence, the President loses eligibility and is removed from office, permanently barred from re-election.
4. If one-third of members impeach the head of the judiciary for executive management duties, the judiciary head must appear in Parliament within one month. If a two-thirds majority votes no confidence, the judiciary head is removed and permanently barred from reappointment.

Section 3 – The Constitutional Compliance Commission

After each parliamentary election, a commission named the “Constitutional Compliance Commission,” consisting of seven members of Parliament, is established by members’ vote for a two-year term. This commission’s role is to review and assess whether bills and proposals align with the Constitution. The commission’s findings must be presented to members before any final vote on a bill or proposal. If the commission finds that a bill or proposal conflicts with the Constitution, the issue must be referred to the Constitutional Court for validation or rejection before it can be enacted.

Members of the Constitutional Compliance Commission must be current members of Parliament.

After the two-year term of the Constitutional Compliance Commission, Parliament shall vote on whether to elect new members or renew the terms of current members. Each member may serve a maximum of three terms (six years total) on the commission.

Members of the Constitutional Compliance Commission are required to participate in Parliament’s general discussions on bills and proposals, providing recommendations with supporting arguments during the debates.

The Constitutional Compliance Commission must issue a written opinion on whether a bill or proposal aligns with the Constitution within three days of the end of parliamentary debate, and prior to the final vote. If the commission does not issue an opinion within the allotted time or declares compliance, members may proceed to vote, and the approved legislation can become law. However, if the commission finds a constitutional conflict, members may still vote, but the approved bill must then be sent to the Constitutional Court for a final ruling.

At the beginning of each two-year term, the commission may appoint up to seven prominent legal experts as consultants, with salaries funded by the parliamentary budget. Reappointment of previous consultants is allowed at the commission’s discretion.

The President, as the enforcer of the Constitution, the Speaker of Parliament, the head of the judiciary, and the Constitutional Compliance Commission may submit previously approved laws to the Constitutional Court for review and judgment. The conditions for this process shall be specified by law.

Chapter 7 – The Executive Branch

Section 1 – The Presidency and Ministers

The President is the highest official of the nation, responsible for enforcing the Constitution and leading the Executive branch.

The President shall be elected by direct public vote for a four-year term and may be re-elected only once. In no case shall a person serve more than two presidential terms, whether consecutive or non-consecutive. A former President shall be ineligible to hold the office of Vice President or to serve as a Minister following the conclusion of their term in office.

A presidential candidate must be Iranian-born, at least 40 years old, hold a minimum of a bachelor’s degree from an accredited university, have no criminal record, and possess at least ten years of management experience. The Constitution imposes no other eligibility requirements for the presidency.

Presidential candidates must formally declare their candidacy before the election begins. The election procedures are specified by law.

The President is elected by absolute majority of participating voters. If no candidate obtains a majority in the first round, a second round is held one week later between the top two candidates. If one of the top two candidates withdraws, the candidate with the next highest votes from the first round will replace them in the second round.

The election of a new President must take place at least three months before the current term ends. During the interim period, the outgoing President will continue to perform presidential duties.

If a qualified candidate dies within ten days of the election, the election will be postponed for two weeks. If one of the top two candidates dies between the first and second rounds, the second round will also be delayed by two weeks.

The President shall take the following oath in Parliament, in the presence of senior officials:

“I, [full name], as the President, solemnly swear before the people of Iran and this Parliament, upon my honor, to protect the democratic and secular system of the Republic of Iran and its Constitution. I commit all my skills and abilities to fulfilling the responsibilities entrusted to me, dedicating myself to serving the people, promoting justice, and advancing democratic principles. I shall avoid any autocratic practices, protect the rights and dignity enshrined in the Constitution, defend the country’s borders, and preserve its political, economic, and cultural independence. I pledge to never misuse the power entrusted to me by the people and to pass it on to my successor.”

The President is accountable to the people and Parliament within the powers and duties assigned by the Constitution and ordinary laws.

The President must sign and enact laws approved by Parliament or referenda after completing all legal procedures.

The President may appoint deputies to assist in carrying out their duties. The Vice President, with the President’s approval, oversees the Cabinet and coordinates with other deputies.

The President or a legal representative of the President shall sign treaties, agreements, accords, and contracts between Iran and other countries, as well as international alliances, following Parliament’s approval.

The President is directly responsible for national planning, budgeting, and administrative and employment affairs but may delegate management to a designated official.

The President may, with Cabinet approval, appoint special representatives for specific tasks. Decisions made by such representatives are equivalent to decisions made by the President and the Cabinet.

Ambassadors are appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. The President signs credentials for Iranian ambassadors and receives credentials from foreign ambassadors.

The President has the authority to bestow state executive medals.

The President submits any resignation to Parliament and continues duties until the resignation is accepted.

In the event of the President’s death, dismissal, resignation, absence, or illness exceeding two months, or if the presidency term ends without an elected successor, the Vice President assumes presidential responsibilities for a maximum of 90 days. A public election must be held within this period. If the Vice President cannot assume these responsibilities or a new election cannot be completed within 90 days due to valid reasons (determined by Parliament), one of the ministers chosen by Parliament will assume the role for another 90 days. Under no circumstances should the nation go without an elected President for more than six months.

During the temporary assumption of presidential duties by the Vice President or another official, ministers cannot be impeached or given a vote of no confidence, nor can constitutional amendments or referenda be initiated.

Ministers are appointed by the President and presented to Parliament for a vote of confidence. A new vote is not required when Parliament changes. The number of ministers and their responsibilities shall be defined by law.

Ministers must be Iranian-born, at least 45 years old, hold a minimum of a bachelor’s degree from an accredited university, have no criminal record, and possess at least ten years of relevant management experience. Additional conditions shall be specified by law.

No individual may serve as a minister for more than nine years in total.

The President presides over the Cabinet, supervising ministers, coordinating decisions, and setting the government’s program and policies in collaboration with ministers.

In cases of conflict or overlap in the duties of government agencies, the Cabinet’s decision, upon the President’s proposal, shall be binding if no interpretation or amendment of the law is needed.

The President is accountable to Parliament for Cabinet actions.

Ministers remain in office unless removed or dismissed through impeachment or a vote of no confidence, or at the end of the ninth year of service. Ministerial resignations are submitted to the President, and the Cabinet continues its duties until a new government is established. The President may appoint an interim supervisor for ministries lacking a minister for up to three months.

The President may dismiss ministers but must seek Parliament’s vote of confidence for new appointees. If more than half of the Cabinet changes, the President must request a new vote of confidence for the entire Cabinet.

After their term of service, the President and ministers may retire. Retired officials receive a full pension equivalent to current conditions. Presidents and ministers dismissed before completing their terms lose this benefit but retain general retirement rights.

Each minister is accountable for their own duties to the President and Parliament. In addition, a minister is responsible for other’s actions, if that matter is specifically approved by the Cabinet.

In addition to cases where ministers or the Cabinet are tasked with implementing executive regulations, the Cabinet may enact decrees to fulfill administrative responsibilities, enforce laws, and organize agencies. Each minister may issue regulations and directives within their jurisdiction, provided they do not contradict the laws’ letter and spirit. The government may delegate certain tasks to commissions of ministers, whose decisions become binding with the President’s approval. Decrees, regulations, and commission decisions must be sent to the Speaker of Parliament for review. If found inconsistent with the law, they will be returned to the Cabinet for revision.

Settlements or arbitration in cases involving public or state property must be approved by the Cabinet and reported to Parliament. If a foreign party or major domestic issue is involved, Parliament’s approval is also required. Important cases are defined by law.

Accusations against the President, Vice Presidents, and ministers during their service for ordinary crimes are processed in the general judiciary with Parliament’s knowledge.

Local executive officials are appointed for four-year terms as follows:

1. Governors: Appointed by the Minister of Interior with Senate vote of confidence.
2. County Governors: Appointed by governors, approved by the Minister of Interior, and given a vote of confidence by the Provincial Council.
3. District Governors: Appointed by the governor with a vote of confidence from district councils.
4. Mayors: Directly elected by city councils.
5. Village Heads: Directly elected by village councils.

Each official must be accountable for their performance, and the council granting their confidence can question, impeach, or remove them. Additionally, the official responsible for their appointment or approval can dismiss them at any time. Details of article shall be specified by law.

Section 2 – Elections

All types of elections in Iran must be fully transparent and traceable regarding voter eligibility, vote counting, and election oversight. Details of article shall be specified by law.

All financial aspects of elections in Iran must be fully transparent and accessible to the public. Details of article shall be specified by law.

Individuals may contribute monetary or non-monetary support to electoral candidates. The limits and conditions for such contributions must be predetermined, entirely transparent, and traceable by the public. Details of article shall be specified by law.

The government may, under conditions specified by law, provide interest-free loans and certain resources to facilitate elections for candidates. The government must uphold fairness and equality for all candidates. Candidates are required to return these resources and fully repay loans within the timeframe specified by law after the election. Additionally, all details regarding these loans and resources must be transparent and accessible to the public. Except for the specific provisions mentioned in this Article 1 , any form of financial or non-monetary support from private or public organizations, companies, institutions, packs, or agencies is strictly prohibited.

Each candidate must submit a comprehensive, transparent report of their election budget and expenditures to the Election Oversight Council and Parliament after the election. Parliament shall publish these reports on its official website for public access.

The Election Oversight Council is responsible for overseeing major elections, including presidential, parliamentary, Senate, and local council (provincial, district, city, and village) elections. The Council comprises:

1. Four members elected by the current members of Parliament,
2. Four members elected by the current Senate members,
3. Two members appointed by the current President,
4. Two members appointed by the current head of the judiciary,
5. Two members elected by the Bar Association,
6. Two representatives from each legally registered political party,
7. Two representatives appointed by the United Nations.

Details of the Council’s operations shall be defined by law.

The Election Oversight Council’s term begins three months before the election and ends one month after the official announcement of results. If any violations or irregularities are observed, the Council must refer the matter to Parliament, the head of the judiciary, and the Attorney General for formal investigation, and also inform the public. Parliament is required to publish the Council’s complete report, including all details, on its official website. Further details of article shall be specified by law.

Section 3 – Armed Forces of Iran

The Iranian Armed Forces consist of three branches: the Military, Police, and Intelligence.

The Armed Forces of Iran must always protect and uphold the Constitution, the country’s territorial integrity, and the lives and property of all Iranian citizens, recruiting only those committed to these values.

The Supreme Command of the Armed Forces is the highest coordinating body among all branches of the Armed Forces, and the Ministry of Defense. Specific duties, powers, and functions of the Supreme Command are defined by law.

The Iranian Army is the sole military force, consisting of branches including Land Force, Air Force, Naval Force, Space Force, and Cyber Force. Further details and the army’s mission are specified by law.

The army may propose structural or operational changes to the Ministry of Defense as needed. Such changes must be submitted as a bill to Parliament for final approval, and only then do they take effect.

Iran’s law enforcement consists of three main branches:

1. National Police: Responsible for combating organized economic, social, and political crimes, modern crimes (e.g., cybercrime), serious offenses (e.g., murder, kidnapping), drug-related crimes, security matters, and overseeing national security.
2. Provincial Police: Responsible for maintaining law and order within their respective jurisdictions.
3. Environmental Police: Responsible for protecting wildlife, the environment, and natural resources.

The Ministry of Intelligence serves as the overarching body managing all intelligence and security agencies, including those within the military, police, and other governmental and private organizations, both domestically and internationally.

The Ministry of Intelligence, under the direct supervision of the Minister of Intelligence, leads and oversees all intelligence operations and is accountable to the President and Parliament for its objectives and actions.

Armed forces personnel are legally permitted to use firearms in line with official duties and existing regulations. Firearms must only be used as a last resort when all non-violent measures have failed. Unauthorized or unjustified use of firearms shall lead to prosecution. Detailed protocols for firearm use are established by law.

Armed forces personnel may not use power against citizens in an unreasonable or disproportionate manner. Any misuse of power leads to prosecution and punishment.

The formation of any armed groups, whether private or public, that are not expressly authorized by the Constitution, is strictly prohibited.

Political involvement or participation in partisan activities by members of the armed forces is strictly prohibited. Individuals may only seek public office if at least two years have elapsed since their irrevocable resignation from the armed forces, unless its in accordance with the law.

The armed forces are national institutions dedicated solely to serving the nation and shall never be used to advance personal, group, factional, or partisan interests.

The armed forces are strictly prohibited from engaging in economic activities for profit.

In peacetime, the army’s personnel and technical equipment may be used for search and rescue, educational, and developmental purposes under direct civilian government supervision, provided it does not compromise military readiness.

No non-Iranian individuals may join the Iranian armed forces. Members of the armed forces must be of Iranian origin, Iranian-born, and solely citizens of Iran. Limited contractual cooperation with foreign experts may be approved by Parliament as needed.

The establishment or use of military or police bases by foreign countries on Iranian soil, even for peaceful purposes, is prohibited. Interpol representation offices are exempt, subject to conditions established by law.

Iranian territory, including its waters, land, and airspace, may not be used by foreign countries for war or attacks against other nations.

The promotion and demotion of armed forces personnel shall be in accordance with the law.

Martial law is prohibited, as is any form of military coup.

Command positions within the armed forces are appointed for four-year terms as follows:

1. Minister of Defense: Appointed by the President, and approved by Parliament’s vote of confidence.
2. Minister of Intelligence: Appointed by the President, and approved by Parliament’s vote of confidence.
3. Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces: Proposed by the Minister of Defense, confirmed by the President, and approved by Parliament’s vote of confidence.
4. Commander-in-Chief of the Army: Proposed by the Minister of Defense, confirmed by the President, and approved by Parliament vote of confidence.
5. Chief of National Police: Proposed by the Minister of Interior, confirmed by the President, and approved by the Senate’s vote of confidence.
6. Provincial Police Chief: Proposed by the Provincial Governor, confirmed by the Minister of Interior, and approved by the Provincial Council’s vote of confidence.
7. Environmental Police Chief: Proposed by the head of the Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Organization, confirmed by the Minister of Interior, and approved by the Senate’s vote of confidence.

Each official referenced in article must meet the following qualifications: they must be of Iranian origin, born in Iran, hold only Iranian citizenship, be at least 45 years old, possess a bachelor’s degree or higher from an accredited university, have a minimum of ten years of relevant management experience, and have a clean criminal record. Their tenure is limited to a maximum of nine years, and they are accountable to their superiors. The approving legal body retains the authority to question or impeach them as deemed necessary.

Compulsory military service in the peacetime for all Iranian citizens, regardless of gender, is required between ages 18 and 45 for a duration of 12 months:

1. During peacetime, service includes three months of training, followed by nine months in specialized or public service roles.
2. Exemptions are granted based on physical, mental, familial, or educational criteria in strict accordance with the law.
3. Service must respect human rights and ethical principles, prohibiting any misuse or discrimination.
4. The government must provide necessary training and support to prepare conscripts for their duties in peacetime.
5. The law will prescribe the service duration and details for the wartime.

The government shall, as much as possible, employ conscripts in fields relevant to their education or skills to help develop their professional experience. Where specialization placement is unfeasible, the government shall provide alternative training to enhance general and specialized skills.

The “Supreme National Security Council,” headed by the President, is established to:

1. Determine defense and security policies,
2. Coordinate political, intelligence, social, cultural, and economic activities related to overall defense and security,
3. Utilize the country’s resources to counter internal and external threats.

The Council includes:

• Heads of the three branches of government,
• Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Interior, and Intelligence,
• Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces,
• Commander-in-Chief of the Army, and Chief of National Police,
• Head of Planning and Budget Affairs,
• Two representatives elected by Parliament,
• Two representatives elected by the Senate,
• The relevant minister, as needed.

The Supreme National Security Council may establish sub-councils, such as the Defense Council and National Security Council, with leadership assigned by the President or designated members. The powers and duties of these sub-councils are defined by law, and their structure requires Council approval. Decisions by the Supreme National Security Council must comply with the law and take effect upon the President’s signature. Additional details shall be specified by law.

Section 4 – The Senate and Councils

Senators and representatives in councils under Section 4 of Chapter 7 of the Constitution must be of Iranian origin, born in and citizen of Iran, be at least 35 years old, possess a minimum of a bachelor’s degree from an accredited university, and have no criminal record.

Voting and discussions in the Senate, councils, and all their subcommittees must be open, transparent, and accessible to the public, except in special cases determined by law. In all instances, records of discussions and votes must be fully documented and preserved.

The Senate is a national council, comprising three elected representatives from each province. It oversees social, health, security, development, and welfare programs for the provinces, as well as budget allocation and monitoring for coordinated implementation. The three representatives from each province are chosen through a transparent public vote by members of each Provincial Council. Election conditions and other details shall be specified by law.

To expedite social, economic, development, health, cultural, educational, and welfare programs based on local needs, the affairs of each village, district, city, and province shall be managed under councils known as Village, City, District, and Provincial Councils. These representatives are elected exclusively by residents of each respective geographic area.

To address matters and support programs within professional sectors (e.g., educational, university, student, industrial, agricultural), councils known as Professional Councils are established, consisting of representatives from each respective sector.

Public universities are independent of government power structures. Each university president is directly elected by the university’s Faculty Professional Council for a four-year term and is accountable to this council for their actions. Details of article shall be specified by law.

To standardize program development and coordination in various fields such as engineering, medicine, and allied health sciences, organizations known as “Professional Order Organizations” shall be established. Membership in these organizations is restricted to professionals within each field, and the organizations’ presidents are elected by a free vote of their members. Further details shall be determined by law.

Decisions and resolutions made by the Senate, councils, and organizations under Section 4 of Chapter 7 of the Constitution must fully uphold national unity, the Constitution, the laws of the land, territorial integrity, independence, and the democratic, secular system, and remain subject to the central government’s authority.

The Senate is entitled to draft proposals within its purview and submit them directly to the Parliament for consideration.

State officials are legally obligated to adhere to the councils’ decisions within the scope of their authority.

The dissolution of the Senate and councils is permissible only in exceptional cases and only for serious deviation from legal duties and responsibilities. The body authorized to determine such deviation and the procedures for dissolution and reformation of councils are specified by law. Dissolved councils have the right to appeal in a competent court, which must address the appeal without delay.

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are non-profit, non-political entities, independent from government and power structures, with diverse educational, social, economic, and cultural goals. They play a crucial role as intermediaries between citizens, the government, and society. The rules governing the formation, operational conditions, and supervision of these organizations shall be specified by law.

Section 5 – Corruption and Conflict of Interest

Public disclosure of documented information related to corruption, abuse, inefficiency, conflicts of interest, or illegal activities within any private, governmental, or public sector organization in Iran by their employees or members is fully permitted and places the accused under legal and judicial scrutiny. Those (including any Any citizen, journalist, or watchdog group) who disclose such information are recognized as “whistleblowers” and are fully protected by law, safeguarding them from legal prosecution, retaliatory actions, workplace penalties, or any form of threat or exile, allowing them to contribute to systemic improvement without fear of reprisal. Violators of article are subject to prosecution under the law.

To ensure the integrity of public service and prevent potential conflicts of interest, individuals holding certain positions and their immediate family members (spouses and children) are required to maintain exclusive citizenship and residency in Iran. Consequently, holding permanent residency or citizenship in any country other than Iran is not permitted for these individuals and their immediate family. This policy applies to:

1. The President, Vice Presidents, Ministers, and all Minister Deputies, Head of the Environmental Protection Organization, the Planning and Budget Organization, and the Central Bank,
2. The Head of the Judiciary, Attorney General, Chief Justice, and Supreme Court judges,
3. Heads of Parliament and Senate.
4. All armed forces executives, commanders, and managers, including both military and civilian roles.

To safeguard the integrity of public service and ensure undivided attention to official responsibilities, individuals holding the roles specified below are required to dedicate themselves exclusively to their primary positions. Engagement in secondary employment, whether on a full-time or part-time basis, is strictly prohibited, with the exception of academic contributions such as teaching or conducting research in accredited universities and research institutions. This provision applies to:

1. All elected officials (without exception),
2. All government employees and personnel including executive, legistative and judiciary branches,
3. All Officers, executives, and personnel of the armed forces, encompassing both military and civilian roles.

The assets of the following individuals and their spouses and children, before and after their service, shall be reviewed by the National Inspection Organization and submitted to Parliament:

1. The President, Vice Presidents, Ministers, Head of the Environmental Protection Organization, the Planning and Budget Organization, and the Central Bank,
2. Members of Parliament, the Senate, and the Provincial High Council,
3. The Head of the Judiciary, Attorney General, Chief Justice, Head of the National Inspection Organization, and all judges,
4. Head of the Armed Forces General Staff, Army Chief, Chief of National Police, and Provincial Police Chiefs.
5. This information shall be published on the official Parliament website for public information. Details of article shall be defined by law.

The executive branch is obligated to compile a comprehensive set of anti-corruption and conflict of interest bills and submit them to Parliament for approval. The Senate or Judiciary may also submit similar bills. Parliament members must review such bills promptly and conduct an expedited vote on them.

Chapter 8 – Foreign Policy

Iran’s foreign policy is based on safeguarding territorial integrity and national unity, actively and intelligently defending Iran’s national interests, relying on comprehensive independence and diplomacy, and establishing and maintaining peaceful and reciprocal relations with foreign governments. To achieve these objectives, the government must enhance the nation’s position and capacities by establishing or joining local, regional, and international alliances.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall be the sole governmental body authorized to represent Iran in all matters relating to foreign policy, international negotiations, diplomatic communications, and official engagement with foreign states, international organizations, and multilateral institutions. No other ministry, governmental agency, public or private institution, or official shall independently initiate, conduct, or conclude diplomatic dialogue or foreign agreements on behalf of the State, except under the express direction and coordination of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and in accordance with national law.

Iran has no permanent friends or enemies. Friendship, nutrality, and hostility with other countries shall be based on Iran’s national interests. When conditions allow, constructive and active cooperation with foreign governments that serves the national, regional, and global interests of the country will be among the priorities of Iran’s foreign policy.

Any foreign or domestic contract that results in foreign control over Iran’s natural resources, economy, politics, culture, armed forces, or other essential affairs is prohibited.

Iran may grant political asylum to individuals at risk, at its discretion and in accordance with the law, unless such individuals are deemed traitors or criminals under Iranian law, or granting asylum would compromise Iran’s security or national interests, in any way. Further details shall be specified by law.

Chapter 9 – Political Parties

Political parties must draft internal rules consistent with democratic, secular principles, the Constitution, and current national laws, and submit these for approval to Parliament. If these rules comply with the mentioned principles and laws, Parliament is required to issue a license for party activity. Further details shall be specified by law.

Political parties that secure at least five percent of the total votes in parliamentary elections are entitled to financial support from the national treasury. The amount, basis, and procedures for providing this financial support shall be determined by law.

Chapter 10 – The Judiciary

Section 1 – Structure and Mission of the Judiciary

The Judiciary is an independent authority responsible for upholding individual and social rights, ensuring justice, and fulfilling the following duties:

1. Addressing grievances, disputes, complaints, adjudicating cases, resolving conflicts, and taking necessary actions in accordance with the law.
2. Restoring public rights and promoting justice and legal freedoms through the judiciary.
3. Supervising the proper implementation of laws.

The judiciary is the official authority for grievances and complaints. The formation of courts and the determination of their jurisdiction are subject to legal provisions.

The judicial system in Iran consists of three levels: the Primary Courts, Appeals Courts, and the Supreme Court. These courts serve to adjudicate complaints and grievances according to the law.

The Chief Justice is elected for a four-year term by the Senate and requires vote of confidence from the Parliament. The Chief Justice shall serve one term only. No one shall serve more than one four-year term, in any circonstances. Further details of article shall be specified by law.

The responsibilities of the Chief Justice include:

1. Establishing the necessary judiciary structure based on the responsibilities outlined in the Constitution.
2. Drafting judicial bills consistent with democratic and secular principles and the Constitution.
3. Creating conditions for recruiting, training, appointing, transferring, and managing the judges of primary courts, based on the law.
4. Nominating competent and reputable judges to the Provincial Councils for approval for appointment in Appeals courts, in accordance with the law.

The Chief Justice shall be of Iranian origin, born in Iran, and hold Iranian citizenship. The candidate must be at least 50 years of age, possess a minimum of a master’s degree in law from an accredited university, and have no less than 20 years of relevant legal experience, including at least 5 years of service in the Appeals Courts. The individual must also have a clean criminal record. No additional qualifications or requirements shall be imposed for eligibility to this office beyond those explicitly stated herein.

The Minister of Justice is selected by the President and confirmed by Parliament, holding executive responsibilities outlined by law.

The Ministry of Justice is responsible for processing complaints and grievances through to a verdict by a competent court. The Minister of Justice oversees the ministry’s relations with the executive branch and holds administrative and financial authority over prosecutors, investigators, and ministry’s staff.

The Attorney General, nominated by the Minister of Justice and confirmed by the President, is appointed for a four-year term. The Attorney General must be of Iranian origin, hold at least a master’s degree in law from an accredited university, be at least 45 years old, and have at least 10 years of experience as a licensed attorney, judge, or law professor, free of any criminal record.

The Supreme Court is responsible for ensuring the proper implementation of laws throughout the judiciary, upholding judicial consistency, and performing all duties mandated by law. The Chief Justice serves as the Chair of the Supreme Court. Members of the Court are appointed by the Senate and must be confirmed through a vote of confidence by the Parliamenr. Each member shall serve a single, non-renewable term of four years and, under no circumstances, may serve more than one term on the Supreme Court.

The minimum requirements for appointment as a judge in the primary courts include:

1. Iranian origin, birth, and citizenship.
2. A minimum age of 35 and a master’s degree in law from an accredited university.
3. At least four years of experience as a licensed attorney or university professor in law.
4. Free from any criminal record.
5. Passing the judicial examination and a specialized judicial training program.
6. Certification of ethical conduct from the Bar Association.
7. Annual certification of physical and mental health from designated health institutions.

To qualify as a judge in the Appeals Court, a candidate must meet the following:

1. Iranian origin, birth, and citizenship.
2. A minimum age of 40 and a master’s degree in law from an accredited university.
3. At least five years of experience as a primary court judge.
4. Free from any criminal record.
5. Passing the advanced judicial examination and completion of specialized judicial training.
6. Approval from the Provincial Council following nomination by the Chief Justice.

The requirements for serving on the Supreme Court are as follows:

1. Iranian origin, birth, and citizenship.
2. A minimum age of 50 and a master’s degree in law from an accredited university.
3. At least five years of experience as an Appeals court judge.
4. Free from any criminal record.
5. Annual certification of physical and mental health from designated institutions.

The maximum tenure for judges is 30 years, with a mandatory retirement age of 75. Judges may not continue service beyond 30 years or after reaching 75 years of age.

Judges are rotated to different assignments every four years to ensure impartiality. A judge may not serve in the same position for more than four years. The law will provide further details on this provision.

The Judicial Evaluation Board, established under the judiciary by law, is responsible for assessing candidates’ qualifications for judicial positions and conducting annual reviews of current judges. Judges found to lack required qualifications are removed by this Board. Board members are appointed by the Chief Justice and confirmed by the Senate.

Judges cannot be dismissed or reassigned without trial and due process except as required by law. Judges’ routine transfers are subject to general provisions defined by law.

Trials are conducted publicly, allowing the attendance of individuals and media unless the court, according to law, deems that public proceedings would harm public order or interests or in cases where both parties request privacy.

Judges are obligated to interpret the law as written. If no explicit law applies, they may refer to established judicial precedents in Appeals and Supreme Court rulings.

The Chief Justice is responsible for periodically reviewing rulings based on judicial precedent and, where necessary, submitting new judicial bills to Parliament.

Political and press-related crimes must be tried publicly, with a jury present. Laws will determine jury selection, qualifications, and scope of authority, as well as define political and press-related crimes.

The law is not retroactive, and no act or omission may be deemed criminal under a law enacted after the fact.

Punishment of offenders is strictly determined by law and by a competent court’s ruling. Acts of retribution or retaliation, whether by individuals or groups, are absolutely prohibited and punishable by law.

Judges must refrain from enforcing government resolutions and regulations that contradict current laws or exceed executive authority. Individuals may petition the Administrative Justice Tribunal to annul such regulations.

Judges are liable for any material or moral harm caused by error or negligence in interpreting or applying the law. In cases where a judge cannot compensate for damages, the government will cover the costs, and the defendant will have their reputation restored.

Courts martial are established by law for offenses specific to military duties, while general crimes committed by military personnel fall under regular courts.

An “Administrative Justice Tribunal” operates under the Chief Justice to address public complaints and grievances against government agents or regulations and to uphold citizens’ rights.

A “National Inspection Organization” ensures the proper administration and enforcement of laws across government agencies. Its head is elected by the Senate and confirmed by Parliament.

The “Special Clemency Commission,” a thirteen-member body, is the sole authority for recommending pardons or sentence reductions under specific conditions established by law. Its members get appointed by the Senate to serve four-year terms and require Parliament’s vote of confidence. The commission comprises four seasoned judges (LLMs), four sociologists (PhDs), four psychologists (PhDs), and three social workers (PhDs).

Offenders with a final, enforceable conviction may request clemency or a reduced sentence under specific conditions:

1. All clemency requests must first be approved by the Special Clemency Commission and then submitted for endorsement by the monarch.
2. Offenders eligible for reduced sentences must have served at least one-quarter of their sentence.
3. Complete pardons require compelling evidence that it serves the public or national interest.
4. Complete information on pardoned offenders, their crimes, sentences, and clemency justification must be published publicly.
5. Clemency does not erase a criminal record.
6. The commission cannot grant clemency to its members, their family members, or relatives.
7. Crimes involving war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, electoral fraud, espionage, or treason cannot be pardoned.

Further provisions and specific conditions will be determined by law.

Section 2 – Legal Representation and Defense of Defendants’ Rights

Legal advocacy and defense of clients’ rights are independent of the judiciary.

The Bar Association, an independent entity, is established at the national and provincial levels through elections among attorneys.

The Bar Association holds exclusive authority for conducting bar exams, licensing, and revoking licenses for legal practice, as well as monitoring and disciplining attorneys.

Applicants for legal practice must meet the following requirements:

1. A minimum of a bachelor’s degree in law from an accredited university.
2. No criminal record.
3. Passing the bar exam.
4. Certification of physical and mental health from designated health institutions.

Attorneys have legal immunity when performing duties on behalf of their clients, provided their actions are lawful.

Section 3 – Public Governance of Prisons and Detention Centers

All prisons, detention centers, and correctional institutions within Iran shall be publicly owned and operated under the authority of the Judiciary, in full accordance with the Constitution and the principles of law. The management, administration, and oversight of such institutions shall not be subject to privatization in any form. The deprivation of liberty must always occur within a framework of public responsibility and legal accountability.

To ensure transparency and lawful conduct within the penal system, a National Prison Oversight Body (NPOB) shall be established by law, functioning independently of the Judiciary, Executive, and Legislature. This body shall consist of qualified experts in law, sociology, criminology, human rights, and civil society elected for a fixed term by the Senate. It shall be empowered to carry out regular and unannounced inspections of all detention facilities, investigate complaints from inmates, staff, and the public, and issue periodic public reports with policy recommendations. All government entities shall be required to fully cooperate with this body in the fulfillment of its duties.

The judiciary is obligated to maintain transparency in the operation and conditions of all penal institutions by collecting and publishing regular reports containing detailed information on prisoner demographics, facility population trends, living conditions, solitary confinement practices, access to healthcare, legal aid, and rehabilitative programs, as well as records of incidents involving deaths in custody or the use of force. Such information shall be made publicly accessible except where necessary to protect individual dignity, or safety. Civil society organizations, accredited academic researchers, and independent journalists shall be granted lawful and regulated access to observe and report on prison conditions, thereby contributing to public oversight.

The penal system shall be grounded in the values of human dignity and compassion, and its foremost purpose shall be the rehabilitation and reintegration of incarcerated individuals into society. All prison personnel shall receive professional training in ethics, nonviolent conduct, and the humane treatment of inmates, in accordance with both the constitution, law, and international human rights standards. Any abuse, mistreatment, or neglect by staff shall constitute a serious offense, subject to legal investigation and disciplinary action. The senate shall regularly assess the performance of each penal institution based on measurable outcomes such as reductions in recidivism, quality and accessibility of medical, educational, and spiritual services, and consistent respect for constitutional rights. These assessments shall be published annually, and institutional reforms shall be proposed accordingly.

Section 4 – The Constitutional Court

The Constitutional Court consists of seven esteemed judges with a minimum of 15 years of judicial experience, appointed by the Chief Justice. It reviews and rules on the constitutionality of laws.

The Constitutional Court convenes upon the request of the President, the Speaker of Parliament, at least 50 Parliament members, or the Parliamentary Commission on Constitutional Compliance, and disbands immediately after issuing a ruling.

The Constitutional Court may only rule on the constitutionality of a law without amending it.

The Constitutional Court must issue its final ruling within 90 days from the date of the request.

A law or case may be reviewed by the Constitutional Court only once and cannot be re-examined.

Chapter 11 – Media and Internet

Books, films, media, publications, and press are free to express and publish content without the need for any permit or authorization.

Preventing the publication of any content, book, image, film, media, publication, or press is not permitted except by lawful court order and only on the basis of law. Court orders on these matters must be case-specific and fully explain the reasoning behind the ruling.

The State Broadcasting Organization of Iran is required to uphold freedom of expression and equitable broadcasting, overseen by a council of eight members representing the President, the Chief Justice, Parliament, and the Senate.

The head of the State Broadcasting Organization is elected by the Senate and confirmed by Parliament, serving a four-year term. Both Parliament and the Senate have the right to question, impeach, and dismiss the head.

Access to domestic and foreign radio, television, and satellite networks is unrestricted.

Private sector establishment and operation of television, radio, satellite, internet, and other mass communication networks are permitted.

Public access to high-speed internet is fully permitted.

Private sector entities may establish and operate computer centers, internet services, data processing, and cloud computing centers. Service provision to the public is permitted, subject to laws governing specific conditions.

Internet censorship or filtering is prohibited, except in educational institutions for children as determined by law.

Chapter 12 – Supportive Measures for Transition to Democracy

Section 1 – Amnesty and Transition

A National Transition Council (NTC) shall be established to initiate and oversee the transition to a democratic government.

1. Composition of the NTC: The NTC shall consist of 25 to 75 members to ensure representation across critical groups, including political factions, civil society organizations, business leaders, minority groups, religious figures, members of the Iranian armed forces, and expatriate communities. This size balances diversity with decision-making efficiency, allowing essential interests to participate meaningfully in the transition process. The NTC may commence its work once it reaches a quorum of 11 members, with a time-sensitive mandate to expand to at least 25 members as soon as possible, to fully reflect Iran’s diverse socio-political landscape.
2. Pledge to Democratic Principles: All members of the NTC shall pledge to uphold the principles of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law as outlined in this Constitution. They shall formally endorse the new Constitution and its core values—human rights, inclusivity, diversity, and democratic governance—fostering a unified commitment to peaceful reform. Each member must swear allegiance solely to the democratic objectives of the transition and the Constitution, pledging not to pursue any alternative political agendas that could disrupt the process. This oath ensures the NTC remains focused, cohesive, and resistant to factional influence, safeguarding the integrity of the transition plan.
3. Establishment of the Interim Government: An Interim Government shall be established under the authority of the NTC, which serves as the supreme governing body during the transition to democracy. This Interim Government, composed of an interim President, Vice President, and a full Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the NTC based on merit and commitment to democratic principles, is responsible for leading the transition process, ensuring continuity of governance, and preventing a power vacuum. All members of the Interim Government shall swear allegiance solely to the democratic objectives of the transition and the Constitution, pledging not to pursue any alternative political agendas that could disrupt the process.
4. Responsibilities of the Interim Government: The Interim Government shall administer the executive functions of the state, maintain public order, manage public services, and prepare for democratic elections while adhering to democratic principles, human rights, and the rule of law as enshrined in this Constitution.
5. Accountability to the NTC: The Interim Government is fully accountable to the NTC, which retains the authority to remove and replace any interim official at any time. Upon its establishment, the NTC shall assume the legislative functions previously carried out by the existing legislative body, namely the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e Shura-ye Eslami).
6. Temporary Mandate: The responsibilities and duties of the Interim Government and the NTC are strictly temporary and shall continue until a democratically elected government is formed through free and fair elections under this Constitution, or for a maximum period of two (2) years from the date they assume power, whichever occurs first. Upon the inauguration of the newly elected government or the completion of two years from assuming power, the Transitional Council and Interim Government shall be immediately dissolved, with all their powers and responsibilities transferred to the newly elected authorities. The Transitional Council and Interim Government are required to hold the first election under this Constitution no later than twenty-one (21) months after assuming power and at least three (3) months before the end of their mandate.
7. Authority to Enact Provisional Laws: The NTC shall have the authority to enact provisional laws and regulations necessary for the transition, provided they are consistent with the spirit and provisions of this Constitution. Existing laws and regulations shall remain in effect unless amended or repealed by the NTC, ensuring legal continuity and stability.
8. Promotion of Democratic Conditions: The Council shall work diligently to create conditions conducive to free political activity, freedom of expression, and the development of civil society.

In the interest of national reconciliation and promoting a peaceful transition to a secular democracy, a general amnesty shall be granted to individuals and groups—including current government officials, members of security or armed forces, and others who have supported the existing authoritarian regime—who actively participate in, facilitate, or based on their position and at the very least do not obstruct the non-violent transition to the new democratic government of Iran.

1. Scope of Amnesty: This amnesty applies to related offenses committed prior to the enactment of this Constitution that are directly associated with the individual’s support of the previous regime, provided they now contribute to the peaceful transition or at least not resisting it. Covered offenses may include acts such as:

• Participation in the governance structures of the previous regime
• Economic activities under the previous regime
• Enforcement of the previous regime’s orders and policies
  2. Exclusions from Amnesty: The amnesty does not apply to individuals who have committed serious crimes under national or international law, comprising of:

• Crimes against humanity, War crimes, Genocide
• Extrajudicial killings and torture
• Acts of terrorism
• Other serious felonies as defined by law
• Conditions for Amnesty Eligibility:

• Evidenced Participation or Non-resistance: Individuals must assist in the peaceful transition, or based on their position non-resisting it, which may include but not limited to steps such as relinquishing positions of power without resistance, sharing information crucial to the transition, or publicly endorsing the democratic process.
• Disclosure Obligations: Individuals may be required to disclose relevant information about past activities to promote transparency and reconciliation.

• Transparency and Fairness: The proceedings of amnesty shall be transparent, and the judges’ decisions subject to judicial review to ensure fairness and adherence to Constitution.
• Reconciliation and Unity: Article aims to encourage cooperation and reduce resistance to the democratic transition by alleviating fears of retribution among those willing to support or not obstruct the process. It seeks to foster national unity, heal divisions, and build a foundation for a stable and inclusive democratic society.
• Victims’ Rights and Restorative Justice: The amnesty process shall consider the rights and needs of victims. Measures such as public acknowledgment of wrongdoing, apologies, or participation in restorative justice programs may be incorporated to promote healing.
• No Impediment to Justice: Nothing in article shall impede the prosecution of individuals excluded from amnesty. Such individuals shall be subject to due legal processes in accordance with national and international law.

The Constitution strictly prohibits all forms of personal or group vengeance in Iran. No individual or group shall engage in acts of retaliation, retribution, or any form of extrajudicial justice against another person or group.

1. Resolution of Grievances: All grievances, disputes, and allegations of wrongdoing must be addressed exclusively through lawful and impartial judicial processes established under this Constitution and the laws enacted pursuant to it.
2. Fair Administration of Justice: The judiciary shall ensure that justice is administered fairly, promptly, and without discrimination or bias. Due process rights shall be upheld for all individuals, ensuring equal treatment under the law.
3. Promotion of Social Harmony: The State shall promote social harmony and reconciliation among all citizens, fostering an environment of peace, mutual respect, and cooperation.
4. Enforcement and Penalties: Any person or group found guilty of engaging in acts of personal or group vengeance shall be subject to penalties prescribed by law, consistent with the principles of human rights and due process.
5. State Responsibility: All branches of government are obligated to prevent acts of vengeance and to uphold the rule of law. The State shall take necessary measures to protect individuals from retaliatory actions.

To promote justice following the assumption of power by the National Transitional Council (NTC), specialized Transitional Justice Courts (TJCs) shall be temporarily established to address crimes, human rights violations, and acts of corruption committed by individuals associated with the former authoritarian regime.

1. Mandate: The TJCs shall have jurisdiction over cases involving severe violations of human rights, crimes against humanity, extrajudicial killings and torture, corruption, and other actions that undermined the constitutional and democratic rights of the people. These courts shall operate in full alignment with this constitution and international human rights standards to ensure justice, truth, and accountability.
2. Composition and Oversight: Judges appointed to the TJCs shall be selected by the NTC based on integrity, experience in human rights law, and independence from political influence. NTC shall monitor the TJCs to ensure transparency, impartiality, and fairness.
3. Due Process Guarantees: All individuals tried by the TJCs shall be entitled to a fair trial, including the rights to legal representation, to be informed of charges, and to present a defense. Verdicts shall be subject to appeal to protect against judicial errors or potential abuses.
4. Public Access and Media Attendance: All TJCs shall be open to the public, and media outlets shall have the right to attend and report on proceedings. This transparency ensures public awareness and accountability in the pursuit of justice.
5. Disclosure and Amnesty Guidelines: Discovery and disclosure of all wrongdoings shall be made as part of the TJCs’ proceedings to provide a comprehensive record of past abuses. Judges shall operate with reference to the amnesty Article 1 of this Constitution, ensuring that their judgments align with established guidelines on forgiveness and reconciliation, where applicable.
6. Duration and Sunset: The mandate of the TJCs shall not exceed two (2) years from the date of establishment, after which they shall be dissolved. Extensions, if necessary, may be granted only by a supermajority vote in the newly elected legislature (Parliament) and must be justified solely for the completion of ongoing cases. Under no circumstances shall the total operation period of the TJCs exceed four (4) years.
7. Appointment and Dismissal of Judges: Judges in the TJCs shall be appointed and dismissed by the NTC, solely based on objective criteria established by this Constitution, ensuring impartiality, professionalism, and respect for judicial qualifications.

To promote national unity and streamline the defense apparatus, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) shall be merged into the Iranian Army (Artesh) to form a single, unified military force under the authority of the Ministry of Defense.

1. Retention of Ranks and Salaries: All personnel of the IRGC shall retain their existing military ranks and salaries within the newly integrated military structure. Their service and contributions to the nation shall be recognized and honored accordingly.
2. Implementation Timeline: The merger shall be implemented following the first official elections under this Constitution and shall be overseen by the newly elected civilian government to ensure a smooth and orderly transition.
3. Civilian Oversight: The unified military force shall operate under civilian control, with oversight by the elected government in accordance with the laws and policies established by the legislative branch.
4. Rights and Protections of Military Personnel: All military personnel, including those integrated from the IRGC, shall enjoy the rights and protections guaranteed by this Constitution and applicable laws, including fair treatment, due process, and respect for their dignity and professional status.
5. Professional Conduct and Accountability: Members of the unified military are expected to adhere to the highest standards of professional conduct. Any actions contrary to national laws or military regulations shall be subject to investigation and, if necessary, disciplinary action in accordance with due legal processes.
6. Promotion of National Reconciliation: This integration aims to foster national reconciliation and unity, recognizing the dedication of all military personnel and encouraging cooperation in building a peaceful, democratic society.
7. Future Appointments and Advancements: Future appointments, promotions, and advancements within the unified military shall be based on merit, professional qualifications, and adherence to the principles outlined in this Constitution.

To promote stability and smooth transition, all current employees and personnel of the executive and judiciary branches, including civil servants, security forces, police, judiciary staff, and judges, shall retain their positions and continue to perform their duties (unless found guilty of a crime by a court under this constitution) during and after the transition to the new constitutional order. The rights, benefits, and obligations of state and judiciary employees, including judges, are safeguarded under this Constitution. Their employment shall not be terminated or adversely altered solely due to the transition of government. In return, all state and judiciary personnel are required to perform their duties in accordance with the principles and provisions of this Constitution, upholding the rule of law, human rights, and democratic values.

State and judiciary personnel shall have opportunities for career advancement based on merit, qualifications, and adherence to the principles outlined in this Constitution. The government may undertake reviews and implement reforms to improve the efficiency, transparency, and integrity of state institutions and the judiciary, provided such actions are conducted lawfully, transparently, and in accordance with this Constitution.

To promote economic stability, the Constitution guarantees the protection of property, and economic interests of all individuals and entities engaged in lawful business activities within Iran.

• Non-Discrimination: All business owners, entrepreneurs, and investors shall be treated equally under the law, without discrimination based on political beliefs, past affiliations, ethnic origin, religion, or any other status.
• Security During Transition: During and after the transition to a democratic government, the state shall take necessary measures to ensure the safety and security of existing businesses and their owners, preventing unlawful seizure, expropriation, or disruption of business activities.
• Legal Continuity: Contracts, property rights, and legal obligations existing prior to the enactment of this Constitution shall remain valid and enforceable, unless they conflict with the provisions of this Constitution, or laws enacted under it.
• Fair Legal Processes: Any disputes involving businesses, or their owners shall be resolved through fair and impartial legal processes, with respect for due process rights and access to justice.
• Encouragement of Economic Confidence: The state shall promote an environment of economic confidence by ensuring stability, enforcing anti-corruption measures, and fostering transparent economic policies that encourage investment and growth.
• Participation in Economic Development: Business owners and entrepreneurs are encouraged to participate actively in the economic development of the nation, contributing to prosperity and social welfare in accordance with the principles of this Constitution.
• No Retaliation or Vengeance: The state shall prohibit any form of retaliation, vengeance, or punitive actions against business owners and entrepreneurs based on their activities under the previous regime, provided they have not committed serious crimes under national or international law.

Section 2 – Transition Financial Support System (TFSS)

To promote economic viability and feasibility for the democratic transition, a Transition Financial Support System (TFSS) shall be established with the following features:

1. Establishment of the Transition Financial Support System (TFSS): The National Transition Council (NTC) and the Interim Government shall create the TFSS as a structured and transparent mechanism to manage financial contributions from Iranian citizens and expatriates for supporting the democratic transition.
2. Eligibility for Contributions: Only individuals of Iranian origin shall be eligible to contribute to this program. Contributions must come from legitimate and transparent sources, and all funds shall be subject to financial due diligence to prevent illicit activities such as money laundering. A Financial Transparency and Ethics Committee (FTEC) shall be formed to vet all contributions.
3. Voluntary Financial Contributions: Iranian citizens and expatriates, businesses, and organizations may contribute funds as loans to support democratic transition, economic stabilization, governance reforms, election organization, and civil society development.
4. Repayment with Agreed Interest: The new democratic government shall repay all financial contributions under the agreed-upon terms, including an agreed-upon interest, ensuring transparency and fairness. The repayment structure shall be formally documented in a legally binding agreement.
5. Government-Backed Securities: To guarantee repayment, the interim government or the first elected government shall issue special bonds or securities backed by the future revenues of Iran, such as taxation, oil exports, and other economic activities.
6. Transparency and Oversight: Financial Transparency and Ethics Committee (FTEC) shall be responsible to monitor fund usage, ensure accountability, and provide regular financial reports to both contributors and the public. The FTEC shall conduct audits to ensure proper fund allocation and prevent misuse.
7. Prioritization of Loan Repayments: The democratic government shall prioritize repayment within eight (8) years of assuming full governance, with potential extensions subject to parliamentary majority approval.
8. Non-Interference in Political Affairs: Contributors to this program shall not be entitled to any special political privileges, government positions, or policymaking influence as a result of their financial support. Contributions shall be treated purely as economic assistance to the transition.
9. End of Mandate and Fund Closure: The TFSS shall be terminated eight (8) years after the establishment of a democratically elected government. Any remaining funds shall be allocated to national development projects as determined by a parliamentary vote. An independent audit shall be conducted before closure to ensure all financial obligations are met, and a final report shall be made available to the public. In a rare situation, such as a national financial crisis, the TFSS mandate may be extended by a parlimentary majority vote resolution. In no circumstances shall TFSS operate beyond tweleve (12) years.

Allocation and spending of the TFSS funds shall be as follows:

1. Priority Spending Areas: The financial resources from TFSS shall be used in a transparent and accountable manner, prioritizing:
   • Democratic Transition of the Government: Allocating funds for the administration and operational costs associated with the peaceful transition of power, including temporary government expenses, transitional governance operations, and institution-building efforts necessary to stabilize the democratic framework.
   • Economic Stabilization & Job Creation: Supporting small businesses, infrastructure rebuilding, and economic growth projects.
   • Humanitarian and Social Programs: Providing immediate relief for low-income families, displaced persons, and individuals affected by the transition.
   • Election Organization and Democratic Infrastructure: Funding voter registration, election security, and ballot accessibility under international standards.
   • Judicial and Legal Reform: Establishing a modern, independent judicial system, improving transparency, and ensuring adherence to human rights laws.
   • Educational and Media Development: Supporting free press initiatives, independent media, and civic education programs to promote democracy and public awareness.
   • Public Health and Infrastructure: Expanding access to essential healthcare services, rebuilding medical facilities, and strengthening public infrastructure.
2. Limitations on Administrative Costs: No more than 33% of TFSS funds shall be allocated for administrative expenses, ensuring that the majority of funds directly benefit the Iranian people.
3. Approval Process for Fund Distribution: Financial Transparency and Ethics Committee (FTEC) shall approve all fund allocations through a transparent, publicly documented voting process. No funds shall be allocated without oversight and justification.

TFSS has specific mandates as follows:

1. Mandatory Public Disclosure: The FTEC must publish quarterly financial reports, including a breakdown of fund distribution, spending justifications, and progress on funded projects.
2. Annual Diaspora Contributors’ Assembly: A yearly public forum shall be held where major contributors to TFSS can review the financial reports, propose recommendations, and discuss ongoing economic stabilization efforts.
3. Whistleblower Protection and Anti-Corruption Measures: Any citizen, journalist, or watchdog group who reports financial misconduct or corruption within TFSS shall be protected from retaliation and have their claims investigated by an independent anti-corruption agency.

Loan Repayment Structure and Contributor Rights shall be as follows:

1. Structured Repayment System: The democratic government shall begin repaying TFSS contributors within five (5) years of assuming full governance, completing full repayment within eight (8) years, unless an economic crisis necessitates an extension approved by Parliament’s majority.
2. Agreed-Upon Interest Rates: Contributors shall receive a pre-agreed interest rate on their loans, ensuring financial sustainability and incentivizing diaspora participation.
3. Government-Backed Securities: The interim government or the first elected government may issue diaspora bonds as repayment instruments, tied to Iran’s future tax revenues, oil exports, and other economic activities.
4. Priority-Based Repayment: Loan repayments shall be prioritized based on the size and timing of contributions, ensuring fairness and avoiding favoritism.

Protection Against Foreign Influence and External Interference shall be as follows:

1. Exclusion of Foreign Governments and Entities: Only individuals of Iranian origin shall be eligible to contribute to TFSS. Contributions from foreign governments, intelligence agencies, or foreign corporate entities are strictly prohibited.
2. Verification of Funds’ Legitimacy: All contributions must undergo a verification process to ensure funds originate from legal sources and do not involve money laundering or criminal activity.
3. No Political Leverage: Contributions shall not entitle donors to any government positions, policymaking influence, or exclusive economic privileges beyond agreed financial returns.

Recognition and Compensation for Significant Contributions to Democracy shall be as follows:

1. Recognition of Major Contributions: citizens or expatriates, organizations, or individuals who have made significant financial, political, academic, or humanitarian contributions toward achieving democracy shall be recognized by the state.
2. Eligibility for Recognition: Only individuals of Iranian origin or corporations and institutions with at least 51% Iranian ownership shall be eligible for recognition under this Article 1 . Contributions must be verifiable, documented, and free from political partisanship to ensure impartiality.
3. Establishment of a Democratic Contributions Commission (DCC): The government shall form the DCC to assess contributions and determine appropriate compensatory measures in a transparent and non-partisan manner.
4. Forms of Compensation: Compensation may be provided in non-monetary and monetary forms, including but not limited to:
   • Tax Incentives: Reduced taxation rates on investments made in Iran.
   • Honorary Recognition: National honors, public acknowledgment, and invitations to state advisory panels or democratic development councils.
   • Restoration of Confiscated Assets: For anyone whose assets were unlawfully seized under the previous regime, a fair restitution process shall be established.
5. Public Disclosure and Accountability: The DCC shall publish periodic reports detailing the number and nature of recognitions granted, ensuring full transparency in the process.

Chapter 13 – Constitutional Amendments

Constitutional amendments may be undertaken in urgent cases only by a public referendum, through one of the following methods:

1. Proposal by the President and approval by at least two-thirds plus one of Parliament.
2. Proposal by one-third of the ministers and approval by at least two-thirds plus one of Parliament.
3. Proposal by one-third of Parliament members and approval by at least two-thirds plus one of Parliament.
4. Proposal by one-third of the Senate members and approval by at least two-thirds plus one of Parliament.
5. Direct proposal from the public with at least one million verified signatures and approval by at least two-thirds plus one of Parliament.

Amendment proposals approved by Parliament must pass with a majority of voters in a public referendum. The government and all branches are required to facilitate this public referendum immediately after approval by Parliament. No other methods for amending the Constitution are recognized outside the provisions specified in this Article.